简单图形编程的学习(1)---文字 (Windows GDI实现)
write by 九天雁翎(JTianLing) -- www.jtianling.com
讨论新闻组及文件
一、 全部简单图形编程的学习说在前面的话
此系列文章均假设读者已经具备一定的对应的程序编写知识,无论是最简单的small basic,还是因为常用而被人熟知的Windows GDI,或者是Linux下用的更多的Qt(一般我用PyQt),甚至是现在国内知道的人并不多的Android,我都不准备讲太多基础的语法,或者与平台相关的太多背景知识,这些靠读者先行学习,我仅仅准备在自己学习的过程中找点乐子:)看看我用一些简单的接口都能想出干什么事情,然后展示给大家看看,图形程序实在是最好展示的一类程序了,不像其他程序一样,哪怕我讲了一堆的boost,真正见识到boost强大的又有几个呢?-_-!要知道,今天起,所有程序都是窗口程序,不再是命令行!!!!人类用了多久才走到这一步我不知道。。。。我用了25年.......(从我出生算起)或者1年(从工作开始)
另外,想要看怎么编写窗口应用程序的就不要走错地方了,这里不是想怎么描述怎么使用一个又一个的控件,这里都是讲绘图的-_-!
二、 谈谈Windows GDI
由于今天是第一篇,所以谈谈Windows GDI
虽然因为兴趣和工作需要,对Linux也有所了解,但是Windows到目前为止绝对是本人最熟悉的平台。。。也许也是绝大部分程序员最熟悉的平台吧,但是GDI用的实在是并不多。。。。也许又要说了。。我本质上是个服务器端的程序员-_-!呵呵,服务器端程序员每天面对的只能是控制台,与图形化界面无关,更加与GDI无关。。。。呵呵,但是假如要做客户端的话,是有图形界面了,但是其实游戏还是不需要用到GDI的。。。Windows下不都是用DirectX嘛。但是我对GDI还是比较有兴趣,主要来源于一个资深同事描述用Windows GDI去描述IM软件界面的往事(公司以前是做IM软件的),呵呵,我听着都觉得出神入化。自己好歹也了解一下,虽然说其实用到的机会不多。
文字好像都不像是图形编程中应该学习的东西,但是别忘了,文字可都是由象形文字发展过来的。。。中文至今还是象形文字呢,文字在远古的时代可本来就是图形啊,为啥学习图形编程的时候不要学习怎么显示文字啊?呵呵,前面的都是废话,其实你编点啥程序都会碰到需要在图形中显示文字的情况,所以我们先来看看文字的显示。另外,其实在显示文字的时候,假如需要对文字的显示进行设置,也能学到很多普通图形的设置方式,这点以后就能看到。
三、 Windows GDI的文字显示
事实上因为一个完整的Windows程序已经较为复杂,所以以后的程序得有个模板可以套才行,不然老是纠缠在窗口注册,创建和消息循环上了,那样效率太低。这里就用VS2005创建Win32程序本身的那一套了,不用MFC是不想拦住不了解也不像熟悉MFC的兄弟,也许另外弄个MFC+GDI+ (注:切分格式是(MFC+(GDI+))-_-!)篇吧。
基本程序如下:
// Win32GraphicEx1.cpp : 定义应用程序的入口点。
//
#include "stdafx.h"
#include "Win32GraphicEx1.h"
#define MAX_LOADSTRING 100
// 全局变量:
HINSTANCE hInst; // 当前实例
TCHAR szTitle[MAX_LOADSTRING]; // 标题栏文本
TCHAR szWindowClass[MAX_LOADSTRING]; // 主窗口类名
// 此代码模块中包含的函数的前向声明:
ATOM MyRegisterClass(HINSTANCE hInstance);
BOOL InitInstance(HINSTANCE, int);
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);
INT_PTR CALLBACK About(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);
int APIENTRY _tWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,
HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
LPTSTR lpCmdLine,
int nCmdShow)
{
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(hPrevInstance);
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(lpCmdLine);
// TODO: 在此放置代码。
MSG msg;
HACCEL hAccelTable;
// 初始化全局字符串
LoadString(hInstance, IDS_APP_TITLE, szTitle, MAX_LOADSTRING);
LoadString(hInstance, IDC_WIN32GRAPHICEX1, szWindowClass, MAX_LOADSTRING);
MyRegisterClass(hInstance);
// 执行应用程序初始化:
if (!InitInstance (hInstance, nCmdShow))
{
return FALSE;
}
hAccelTable = LoadAccelerators(hInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDC_WIN32GRAPHICEX1));
// 主消息循环:
while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
{
if (!TranslateAccelerator(msg.hwnd, hAccelTable, &msg))
{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
}
return (int) msg.wParam;
}
//
// 函数: MyRegisterClass()
//
// 目的: 注册窗口类。
//
// 注释:
//
// 仅当希望
// 此代码与添加到Windows 95 中的“RegisterClassEx”
// 函数之前的Win32 系统兼容时,才需要此函数及其用法。调用此函数十分重要,
// 这样应用程序就可以获得关联的
// “格式正确的”小图标。
//
ATOM MyRegisterClass(HINSTANCE hInstance)
{
WNDCLASSEX wcex;
wcex.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
wcex.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
wcex.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
wcex.cbClsExtra = 0;
wcex.cbWndExtra = 0;
wcex.hInstance = hInstance;
wcex.hIcon = LoadIcon(hInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDI_WIN32GRAPHICEX1));
wcex.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
wcex.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1);
wcex.lpszMenuName = MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDC_WIN32GRAPHICEX1);
wcex.lpszClassName = szWindowClass;
wcex.hIconSm = LoadIcon(wcex.hInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDI_SMALL));
return RegisterClassEx(&wcex);
}
//
// 函数: InitInstance(HINSTANCE, int)
//
// 目的: 保存实例句柄并创建主窗口
//
// 注释:
//
// 在此函数中,我们在全局变量中保存实例句柄并
// 创建和显示主程序窗口。
//
BOOL InitInstance(HINSTANCE hInstance, int nCmdShow)
{
HWND hWnd;
hInst = hInstance; // 将实例句柄存储在全局变量中
hWnd = CreateWindow(szWindowClass, szTitle, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
CW_USEDEFAULT, 0, CW_USEDEFAULT, 0, NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL);
if (!hWnd)
{
return FALSE;
}
ShowWindow(hWnd, nCmdShow);
UpdateWindow(hWnd);
return TRUE;
}
//
// 函数: WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM)
//
// 目的: 处理主窗口的消息。
//
// WM_COMMAND - 处理应用程序菜单
// WM_PAINT - 绘制主窗口
// WM_DESTROY - 发送退出消息并返回
//
//
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
int wmId, wmEvent;
PAINTSTRUCT ps;
HDC hdc;
switch (message)
{
case WM_COMMAND:
wmId = LOWORD(wParam);
wmEvent = HIWORD(wParam);
// 分析菜单选择:
switch (wmId)
{
case IDM_ABOUT:
DialogBox(hInst, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDD_ABOUTBOX), hWnd, About);
break;
case IDM_EXIT:
DestroyWindow(hWnd);
break;
default:
return DefWindowProc(hWnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}
break;
case WM_PAINT:
hdc = BeginPaint(hWnd, &ps);
// TODO: 在此添加任意绘图代码...
EndPaint(hWnd, &ps);
break;
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage(0);
break;
default:
return DefWindowProc(hWnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}
return 0;
}
// “关于”框的消息处理程序。
INT_PTR CALLBACK About(HWND hDlg, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(lParam);
switch (message)
{
case WM_INITDIALOG:
return (INT_PTR)TRUE;
case WM_COMMAND:
if (LOWORD(wParam) == IDOK || LOWORD(wParam) == IDCANCEL)
{
EndDialog(hDlg, LOWORD(wParam));
return (INT_PTR)TRUE;
}
break;
}
return (INT_PTR)FALSE;
}
以后讲解的时候可能就不列出完整的源代码了,因为用C++编写Win32程序,可能动辄几页的代码,完整列出影响阅读,为了完整,就如前面所言,我已经假定读者都具有相关领域一定的编程经验,将描述的代码放进恰当的位置应该不成问题。
文字的显示是个复杂的问题,(自有历史以来就复杂)不仅仅是调用几个类似于TextOut,DrawText ,DrawTextEx API那么简单,看过《Windows 图形编程》(参考1)的人应该会有同感,此书是我见过关于Windows下字体,文字显示最深入的一本书,(其实是其他的专著太深看不懂也没有看)。
至于Windows下普通的文字显示API,《Programming Windows》一书按照惯例还是最好的一本。
Windows下最常用的文字输出API就是前面提到的3个,见下面的例子:
case WM_PAINT:
{
hdc = BeginPaint(hWnd, &ps);
// TextOut
TextOut(hdc, 0, 0, szHelloWorld, (int)_tcslen(szHelloWorld));
// DrawText
RECT rtText = {0, 50, 100, 100};
DrawText(hdc, szHelloWorld, -1, &rtText, DT_LEFT);
// DrawTextEx
rtText.top += 50;
rtText.bottom += 50;
DrawTextEx(hdc, szHelloWorld, -1, &rtText, DT_LEFT, NULL);
EndPaint(hWnd, &ps);
}
显示效果如插图1。
其实还有几个使用复杂度稍微高一点,但是控制力更强一些的文本输出函数,比如TabbedTextOut,ExtTextOut。(八卦一下:ExtTextOut是少有的将Ext放在函数名前表示扩展而不是按照微软惯例将Ex表示扩展放在函数名后的函数,估计是设计此函数的人刚到微软工作-_-!)
四、 字体
其实字体是个更加复杂的问题。。。。有多少人知道在字体的现实问题上MS,Apple,Adobe的研究人员投入了多少精力啊。。。。今天的TrueType可不是一开始就存在的。。。。
当然,其实今天我们已经没有必要再去重复研究了,Windows下用MS提供的API就好了,一般有两个接口:
HFONT CreateFont(
int nHeight, // height of font
int nWidth, // average character width
int nEscapement, // angle of escapement
int nOrientation, // base-line orientation angle
int fnWeight, // font weight
DWORD fdwItalic, // italic attribute option
DWORD fdwUnderline, // underline attribute option
DWORD fdwStrikeOut, // strikeout attribute option
DWORD fdwCharSet, // character set identifier
DWORD fdwOutputPrecision, // output precision
DWORD fdwClipPrecision, // clipping precision
DWORD fdwQuality, // output quality
DWORD fdwPitchAndFamily, // pitch and family
LPCTSTR lpszFace // typeface name
);
这个接口直接通过超多的参数创建字体,看看参数的数量。。。就知道我说过的字体显示是个复杂问题没有错了。。。。
另外有个更加人性化的接口,那就是利用结构,本质上没有太大区别,只是从软件接口设计上来说,当参数超过6,7个的时候提供结构传递参数会更加人性化一点,CreateWindow之类的也就是遵循了这样的方式。这也是BS说C++中不提供关键词参数,关键词参数没有那么重要的主要理由之一。(不明白我说的是什么那就忽略此句。。。见D&E6.5)
所谓的用结构创建字体的接口如下:
HFONT CreateFontIndirect(
CONST LOGFONT* lplf // characteristics
);
LOGFONT结构就是前面一个直接创建的接口的参数的堆叠:
typedef struct tagLOGFONTW
{
LONG lfHeight;
LONG lfWidth;
LONG lfEscapement;
LONG lfOrientation;
LONG lfWeight;
BYTE lfItalic;
BYTE lfUnderline;
BYTE lfStrikeOut;
BYTE lfCharSet;
BYTE lfOutPrecision;
BYTE lfClipPrecision;
BYTE lfQuality;
BYTE lfPitchAndFamily;
WCHAR lfFaceName[LF_FACESIZE];
} LOGFONTW, *PLOGFONTW, NEAR *NPLOGFONTW, FAR *LPLOGFONTW;
这里列出来的是宽字节版本。参数如此之多,一方面体现了复杂度,一方面也是自由度,其实个人认为有点点设计的累赘了。。。。其实完全没有必要用一个一个整数来表示一个bool值的内容,MS习惯的位标志竟然在此处看不到痕迹。。。估计。。。写字体模块的哥们光研究怎么更好的显示字体了,没有关注接口的设计。。。。。或者,和写TabbedTextOut,ExtTextOut就是同一个人。。。。这个人很显然刚刚来微软。。。。
参数的含义不一个一个解释了,看MSDN或者《Programming Windows》,见下面一个例子,来自于《Programming Windows》。
/*---------------------------------------
EZFONT.C -- Easy Font Creation
(c) Charles Petzold, 1998
---------------------------------------*/
#include <windows.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "ezfont.h"
HFONT EzCreateFont (HDC hdc, TCHAR * szFaceName, int iDeciPtHeight,
int iDeciPtWidth, int iAttributes, BOOL fLogRes)
{
FLOAT cxDpi, cyDpi ;
HFONT hFont ;
LOGFONT lf ;
POINT pt ;
TEXTMETRIC tm ;
SaveDC (hdc) ;
SetGraphicsMode (hdc, GM_ADVANCED) ;
ModifyWorldTransform (hdc, NULL, MWT_IDENTITY) ;
SetViewportOrgEx (hdc, 0, 0, NULL) ;
SetWindowOrgEx (hdc, 0, 0, NULL) ;
if (fLogRes)
{
cxDpi = (FLOAT) GetDeviceCaps (hdc, LOGPIXELSX) ;
cyDpi = (FLOAT) GetDeviceCaps (hdc, LOGPIXELSY) ;
}
else
{
cxDpi = (FLOAT) (25.4 * GetDeviceCaps (hdc, HORZRES) /
GetDeviceCaps (hdc, HORZSIZE)) ;
cyDpi = (FLOAT) (25.4 * GetDeviceCaps (hdc, VERTRES) /
GetDeviceCaps (hdc, VERTSIZE)) ;
}
pt.x = (int) (iDeciPtWidth * cxDpi / 72) ;
pt.y = (int) (iDeciPtHeight * cyDpi / 72) ;
DPtoLP (hdc, &pt, 1) ;
lf.lfHeight = - (int) (fabs (pt.y) / 10.0 + 0.5) ;
lf.lfWidth = 0 ;
lf.lfEscapement = 0 ;
lf.lfOrientation = 0 ;
lf.lfWeight = iAttributes & EZ_ATTR_BOLD ? 700 : 0 ;
lf.lfItalic = iAttributes & EZ_ATTR_ITALIC ? 1 : 0 ;
lf.lfUnderline = iAttributes & EZ_ATTR_UNDERLINE ? 1 : 0 ;
lf.lfStrikeOut = iAttributes & EZ_ATTR_STRIKEOUT ? 1 : 0 ;
lf.lfCharSet = DEFAULT_CHARSET ;
lf.lfOutPrecision = 0 ;
lf.lfClipPrecision = 0 ;
lf.lfQuality = 0 ;
lf.lfPitchAndFamily = 0 ;
lstrcpy (lf.lfFaceName, szFaceName) ;
hFont = CreateFontIndirect (&lf) ;
if (iDeciPtWidth != 0)
{
hFont = (HFONT) SelectObject (hdc, hFont) ;
GetTextMetrics (hdc, &tm) ;
DeleteObject (SelectObject (hdc, hFont)) ;
lf.lfWidth = (int) (tm.tmAveCharWidth *
fabs (pt.x) / fabs (pt.y) + 0.5) ;
hFont = CreateFontIndirect (&lf) ;
}
RestoreDC (hdc, -1) ;
return hFont ;
}
/*----------------------------------------
FONTROT.C -- Rotated Fonts
(c) Charles Petzold, 1998
----------------------------------------*/
#include <windows.h>
#include "ezfont.h"
TCHAR szAppName [] = TEXT ("FontRot") ;
TCHAR szTitle [] = TEXT ("FontRot: Rotated Fonts") ;
void PaintRoutine (HWND hwnd, HDC hdc, int cxArea, int cyArea)
{
static TCHAR szString [] = TEXT (" Rotation") ;
HFONT hFont ;
int i ;
LOGFONT lf ;
hFont = EzCreateFont (hdc, TEXT ("Times New Roman"), 540, 0, 0, TRUE) ;
GetObject (hFont, sizeof (LOGFONT), &lf) ;
DeleteObject (hFont) ;
SetBkMode (hdc, TRANSPARENT) ;
SetTextAlign (hdc, TA_BASELINE) ;
SetViewportOrgEx (hdc, cxArea / 2, cyArea / 2, NULL) ;
for (i = 0 ; i < 12 ; i ++)
{
lf.lfEscapement = lf.lfOrientation = i * 300 ;
SelectObject (hdc, CreateFontIndirect (&lf)) ;
TextOut (hdc, 0, 0, szString, lstrlen (szString)) ;
DeleteObject (SelectObject (hdc, GetStockObject (SYSTEM_FONT))) ;
}
}
/*------------------------------------------------
FONTDEMO.C -- Font Demonstration Shell Program
(c) Charles Petzold, 1998
------------------------------------------------*/
#include <windows.h>
#include "EzFont.h"
#include "resource.h"
extern void PaintRoutine (HWND, HDC, int, int) ;
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM) ;
HINSTANCE hInst ;
extern TCHAR szAppName [] ;
extern TCHAR szTitle [] ;
int WINAPI WinMain (HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
TCHAR szResource [] = TEXT ("FontDemo") ;
HWND hwnd ;
MSG msg ;
WNDCLASS wndclass ;
hInst = hInstance ;
wndclass.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW ;
wndclass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc ;
wndclass.cbClsExtra = 0 ;
wndclass.cbWndExtra = 0 ;
wndclass.hInstance = hInstance ;
wndclass.hIcon = LoadIcon (NULL, IDI_APPLICATION) ;
wndclass.hCursor = LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_ARROW) ;
wndclass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH) GetStockObject (WHITE_BRUSH) ;
wndclass.lpszMenuName = szResource ;
wndclass.lpszClassName = szAppName ;
if (!RegisterClass (&wndclass))
{
MessageBox (NULL, TEXT ("This program requires Windows NT!"),
szAppName, MB_ICONERROR) ;
return 0 ;
}
hwnd = CreateWindow (szAppName, szTitle,
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL) ;
ShowWindow (hwnd, iCmdShow) ;
UpdateWindow (hwnd) ;
while (GetMessage (&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
{
TranslateMessage (&msg) ;
DispatchMessage (&msg) ;
}
return msg.wParam ;
}
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
static DOCINFO di = { sizeof (DOCINFO), TEXT ("Font Demo: Printing") } ;
static int cxClient, cyClient ;
static PRINTDLG pd = { sizeof (PRINTDLG) } ;
BOOL fSuccess ;
HDC hdc, hdcPrn ;
int cxPage, cyPage ;
PAINTSTRUCT ps ;
switch (message)
{
case WM_COMMAND:
switch (wParam)
{
case IDM_PRINT:
// Get printer DC
pd.hwndOwner = hwnd ;
pd.Flags = PD_RETURNDC | PD_NOPAGENUMS | PD_NOSELECTION ;
if (!PrintDlg (&pd))
return 0 ;
if (NULL == (hdcPrn = pd.hDC))
{
MessageBox (hwnd, TEXT ("Cannot obtain Printer DC"),
szAppName, MB_ICONEXCLAMATION | MB_OK) ;
return 0 ;
}
// Get size of printable area of page
cxPage = GetDeviceCaps (hdcPrn, HORZRES) ;
cyPage = GetDeviceCaps (hdcPrn, VERTRES) ;
fSuccess = FALSE ;
// Do the printer page
SetCursor (LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_WAIT)) ;
ShowCursor (TRUE) ;
if ((StartDoc (hdcPrn, &di) > 0) && (StartPage (hdcPrn) > 0))
{
PaintRoutine (hwnd, hdcPrn, cxPage, cyPage) ;
if (EndPage (hdcPrn) > 0)
{
fSuccess = TRUE ;
EndDoc (hdcPrn) ;
}
}
DeleteDC (hdcPrn) ;
ShowCursor (FALSE) ;
SetCursor (LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_ARROW)) ;
if (!fSuccess)
MessageBox (hwnd,
TEXT ("Error encountered during printing"),
szAppName, MB_ICONEXCLAMATION | MB_OK) ;
return 0 ;
case IDM_ABOUT:
MessageBox (hwnd, TEXT ("Font Demonstration Program/n")
TEXT ("(c) Charles Petzold, 1998"),
szAppName, MB_ICONINFORMATION | MB_OK);
return 0 ;
}
break ;
case WM_SIZE:
cxClient = LOWORD (lParam) ;
cyClient = HIWORD (lParam) ;
return 0 ;
case WM_PAINT:
hdc = BeginPaint (hwnd, &ps) ;
PaintRoutine (hwnd, hdc, cxClient, cyClient) ;
EndPaint (hwnd, &ps) ;
return 0 ;
case WM_DESTROY :
PostQuitMessage (0) ;
return 0 ;
}
return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, lParam) ;
}
显示效果如插图2,一个显示成一圈的Rotation,用最最简单的手段实现绚烂的效果,以Small Basic中的一个星空显示文字的程序为最,这也算是比较突出的例子了。。。。
这里也不能老是抄袭Petzold。。。。。。。我将其转起来。实现旋转的动画:)
/*------------------------------------------------
FONTDEMO.C -- Font Demonstration Shell Program
(c) 改自Charles Petzold, 1998,因为不知道其原来是啥版权,这里也不声明自己的版权了
------------------------------------------------*/
#include <windows.h>
#include "EzFont.h"
#include "resource.h"
extern void PaintRoutine (HWND, HDC, int, int) ;
extern void PaintAnimateOrientation(HWND hwnd, HDC hdc, int cxArea, int cyArea);
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM) ;
HINSTANCE hInst ;
extern TCHAR szAppName [] ;
extern TCHAR szTitle [] ;
#define WND_WIDTH (800)
#define WND_HEIGHT (800)
int WINAPI WinMain (HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
TCHAR szResource [] = TEXT ("FontDemo") ;
HWND hwnd ;
MSG msg ;
WNDCLASS wndclass ;
HDC hdc ;
hInst = hInstance ;
wndclass.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW ;
wndclass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc ;
wndclass.cbClsExtra = 0 ;
wndclass.cbWndExtra = 0 ;
wndclass.hInstance = hInstance ;
wndclass.hIcon = LoadIcon (NULL, IDI_APPLICATION) ;
wndclass.hCursor = LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_ARROW) ;
wndclass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH) GetStockObject (WHITE_BRUSH) ;
wndclass.lpszMenuName = szResource ;
wndclass.lpszClassName = szAppName ;
if (!RegisterClass (&wndclass))
{
MessageBox (NULL, TEXT ("This program requires Windows NT!"),
szAppName, MB_ICONERROR) ;
return 0 ;
}
hwnd = CreateWindow (szAppName, szTitle,
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
WND_WIDTH, WND_HEIGHT,
NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL) ;
ShowWindow (hwnd, iCmdShow) ;
UpdateWindow (hwnd) ;
while (TRUE)
{
// 就像游戏中一贯的做法
if(PeekMessage (&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE))
{
if(msg.message == WM_QUIT)
{
break;
}
TranslateMessage (&msg);
DispatchMessage (&msg);
}
hdc = GetDC(hwnd);
PaintAnimateOrientation(hwnd, hdc, WND_WIDTH, WND_HEIGHT);
ReleaseDC(hwnd, hdc);
}
return msg.wParam ;
}
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
static DOCINFO di = { sizeof (DOCINFO), TEXT ("Font Demo: Printing") } ;
static int cxClient, cyClient ;
static PRINTDLG pd = { sizeof (PRINTDLG) } ;
BOOL fSuccess ;
HDC hdc, hdcPrn ;
int cxPage, cyPage ;
PAINTSTRUCT ps ;
switch (message)
{
case WM_COMMAND:
switch (wParam)
{
case IDM_PRINT:
// Get printer DC
pd.hwndOwner = hwnd ;
pd.Flags = PD_RETURNDC | PD_NOPAGENUMS | PD_NOSELECTION ;
if (!PrintDlg (&pd))
return 0 ;
if (NULL == (hdcPrn = pd.hDC))
{
MessageBox (hwnd, TEXT ("Cannot obtain Printer DC"),
szAppName, MB_ICONEXCLAMATION | MB_OK) ;
return 0 ;
}
// Get size of printable area of page
cxPage = GetDeviceCaps (hdcPrn, HORZRES) ;
cyPage = GetDeviceCaps (hdcPrn, VERTRES) ;
fSuccess = FALSE ;
// Do the printer page
SetCursor (LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_WAIT)) ;
ShowCursor (TRUE) ;
if ((StartDoc (hdcPrn, &di) > 0) && (StartPage (hdcPrn) > 0))
{
PaintRoutine (hwnd, hdcPrn, cxPage, cyPage) ;
if (EndPage (hdcPrn) > 0)
{
fSuccess = TRUE ;
EndDoc (hdcPrn) ;
}
}
DeleteDC (hdcPrn) ;
ShowCursor (FALSE) ;
SetCursor (LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_ARROW)) ;
if (!fSuccess)
MessageBox (hwnd,
TEXT ("Error encountered during printing"),
szAppName, MB_ICONEXCLAMATION | MB_OK) ;
return 0 ;
case IDM_ABOUT:
MessageBox (hwnd, TEXT ("Font Demonstration Program/n")
TEXT ("(c) Charles Petzold, 1998"),
szAppName, MB_ICONINFORMATION | MB_OK);
return 0 ;
}
break ;
case WM_SIZE:
cxClient = LOWORD (lParam) ;
cyClient = HIWORD (lParam) ;
return 0 ;
case WM_PAINT:
hdc = BeginPaint (hwnd, &ps) ;
EndPaint (hwnd, &ps) ;
return 0 ;
case WM_DESTROY :
PostQuitMessage (0) ;
return 0 ;
}
return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, lParam) ;
}
/*----------------------------------------
FONTROT.C -- Rotated Fonts
(c) 改自Charles Petzold, 1998
----------------------------------------*/
#include <windows.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#include "ezfont.h"
TCHAR szAppName [] = TEXT ("FontRot") ;
TCHAR szTitle [] = TEXT ("FontRot: Rotated Fonts") ;
#define FRAME_PER_SECOND (20)
#define TIME_IN_FRAME (1000/FRAME_PER_SECOND)
#define WHITE_COLOR (RGB(255,255,255))
#define BLACK_COLOR (RGB(0,0,0))
void PaintRoutine (HWND hwnd, HDC hdc, int cxArea, int cyArea, int iAnimateOrientation)
{
static TCHAR szString [] = TEXT (" Rotation") ;
HFONT hFont ;
int i ;
LOGFONT lf ;
hFont = EzCreateFont (hdc, TEXT ("Times New Roman"), 540, 0, 0, TRUE) ;
GetObject (hFont, sizeof (LOGFONT), &lf) ;
DeleteObject (hFont) ;
SetBkMode (hdc, TRANSPARENT) ;
SetTextAlign (hdc, TA_BASELINE) ;
SetViewportOrgEx (hdc, cxArea / 2, cyArea / 2, NULL) ;
SetTextColor(hdc, WHITE_COLOR);
for (i = 0 ; i < 12 ; i++)
{
lf.lfEscapement = lf.lfOrientation = i * 300 + iAnimateOrientation-1;
SelectObject (hdc, CreateFontIndirect (&lf)) ;
TextOut (hdc, 0, 0, szString, lstrlen (szString)) ;
DeleteObject (SelectObject (hdc, GetStockObject (SYSTEM_FONT))) ;
}
SetTextColor(hdc, BLACK_COLOR);
for (i = 0 ; i < 12 ; i++)
{
lf.lfEscapement = lf.lfOrientation = i * 300 + iAnimateOrientation;
SelectObject (hdc, CreateFontIndirect (&lf)) ;
TextOut (hdc, 0, 0, szString, lstrlen (szString)) ;
DeleteObject (SelectObject (hdc, GetStockObject (SYSTEM_FONT))) ;
}
}
// By 九天雁翎:
// 主要的新添函数
void PaintAnimateOrientation(HWND hwnd, HDC hdc, int cxArea, int cyArea)
{
DWORD dwStartTime;
DWORD dwEndTime;
DWORD dwInTime;
int iIntervalTimeNeed ;
static int iAnimateOrientation = 0;
dwStartTime = GetTickCount();
iAnimateOrientation += 1;
PaintRoutine(hwnd, hdc, cxArea, cyArea, iAnimateOrientation);
// 帧数控制
while(GetTickCount() - dwStartTime < TIME_IN_FRAME)
{
Sleep(1);
}
}
其实目前的源代码中有个瑕疵,因为是用透明文字背景画图,用白色的文字覆盖原有文字的时候会出现一些覆盖不了的情况,这个情况导致文字转动后会留有一些背景的尾巴。。。。效果如插图3了,另外。。。之所以使用此种循环画图方式纯粹因为最近看了《Window游戏编程大师级技巧》一书,其实用纯timer的方式实现如此简单的动画应该也是可行的,并且因为可以依赖消息机制的背景刷新,就不会有此问题。见下面的改良版旋转文字动画:
将SetBkMode (hdc, TRANSPARENT) ;一句改为SetBkMode (hdc, OPAQUE) ;倒是可以解决这个问题,但是因为背景的不透明,中间R重合的部分会导致互相的遮掩,这点没有深入研究了,希望有人能给出更好的解决方案。另外,因为是使用GDI,所以在每秒20帧重画的时候都会有闪烁。。。。。
改良版旋转文字动画:
/*------------------------------------------------
FONTDEMO.C -- Font Demonstration Shell Program
(c) 改自Charles Petzold, 1998
------------------------------------------------*/
#include <windows.h>
#include "EzFont.h"
#include "resource.h"
void PaintRoutine (HWND hwnd, HDC hdc, int cxArea, int cyArea, int iAnimateOrientation);
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM) ;
HINSTANCE hInst ;
extern TCHAR szAppName [] ;
extern TCHAR szTitle [] ;
#define WND_WIDTH (800)
#define WND_HEIGHT (800)
int WINAPI WinMain (HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
TCHAR szResource [] = TEXT ("FontDemo") ;
HWND hwnd ;
MSG msg ;
WNDCLASS wndclass ;
HDC hdc ;
hInst = hInstance ;
wndclass.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW ;
wndclass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc ;
wndclass.cbClsExtra = 0 ;
wndclass.cbWndExtra = 0 ;
wndclass.hInstance = hInstance ;
wndclass.hIcon = LoadIcon (NULL, IDI_APPLICATION) ;
wndclass.hCursor = LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_ARROW) ;
wndclass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH) GetStockObject (WHITE_BRUSH) ;
wndclass.lpszMenuName = szResource ;
wndclass.lpszClassName = szAppName ;
if (!RegisterClass (&wndclass))
{
MessageBox (NULL, TEXT ("This program requires Windows NT!"),
szAppName, MB_ICONERROR) ;
return 0 ;
}
hwnd = CreateWindow (szAppName, szTitle,
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
WND_WIDTH, WND_HEIGHT,
NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL) ;
ShowWindow (hwnd, iCmdShow) ;
UpdateWindow (hwnd) ;
SetTimer(hwnd, 1, 50, NULL);
// 主消息循环:
while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
return msg.wParam ;
}
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
static DOCINFO di = { sizeof (DOCINFO), TEXT ("Font Demo: Printing") } ;
static int cxClient, cyClient ;
static PRINTDLG pd = { sizeof (PRINTDLG) } ;
BOOL fSuccess ;
HDC hdc, hdcPrn ;
int cxPage, cyPage ;
PAINTSTRUCT ps ;
static int iAnimateOrientation = 0;
switch (message)
{
case WM_COMMAND:
switch (wParam)
{
case IDM_PRINT:
// Get printer DC
pd.hwndOwner = hwnd ;
pd.Flags = PD_RETURNDC | PD_NOPAGENUMS | PD_NOSELECTION ;
if (!PrintDlg (&pd))
return 0 ;
if (NULL == (hdcPrn = pd.hDC))
{
MessageBox (hwnd, TEXT ("Cannot obtain Printer DC"),
szAppName, MB_ICONEXCLAMATION | MB_OK) ;
return 0 ;
}
// Get size of printable area of page
cxPage = GetDeviceCaps (hdcPrn, HORZRES) ;
cyPage = GetDeviceCaps (hdcPrn, VERTRES) ;
fSuccess = FALSE ;
// Do the printer page
SetCursor (LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_WAIT)) ;
ShowCursor (TRUE) ;
if ((StartDoc (hdcPrn, &di) > 0) && (StartPage (hdcPrn) > 0))
{
PaintRoutine (hwnd, hdcPrn, cxPage, cyPage, iAnimateOrientation) ;
if (EndPage (hdcPrn) > 0)
{
fSuccess = TRUE ;
EndDoc (hdcPrn) ;
}
}
DeleteDC (hdcPrn) ;
ShowCursor (FALSE) ;
SetCursor (LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_ARROW)) ;
if (!fSuccess)
MessageBox (hwnd,
TEXT ("Error encountered during printing"),
szAppName, MB_ICONEXCLAMATION | MB_OK) ;
return 0 ;
case IDM_ABOUT:
MessageBox (hwnd, TEXT ("Font Demonstration Program/n")
TEXT ("(c) Charles Petzold, 1998"),
szAppName, MB_ICONINFORMATION | MB_OK);
return 0 ;
}
break ;
case WM_SIZE:
cxClient = LOWORD (lParam) ;
cyClient = HIWORD (lParam) ;
return 0 ;
case WM_PAINT:
hdc = BeginPaint (hwnd, &ps) ;
PaintRoutine(hwnd, hdc, WND_WIDTH, WND_HEIGHT, iAnimateOrientation);
EndPaint (hwnd, &ps) ;
return 0 ;
case WM_TIMER:
{
iAnimateOrientation += 1;
InvalidateRect(hwnd, NULL, TRUE);
return 0;
}
case WM_DESTROY :
PostQuitMessage (0) ;
return 0 ;
}
return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, lParam) ;
}
#define BLACK_COLOR (RGB(0,0,0))
TCHAR szAppName [] = TEXT ("FontRot") ;
TCHAR szTitle [] = TEXT ("FontRot: Rotated Fonts") ;
void PaintRoutine (HWND hwnd, HDC hdc, int cxArea, int cyArea, int iAnimateOrientation)
{
static TCHAR szString [] = TEXT (" Rotation") ;
HFONT hFont ;
int i ;
LOGFONT lf ;
hFont = EzCreateFont (hdc, TEXT ("Times New Roman"), 540, 0, 0, TRUE) ;
GetObject (hFont, sizeof (LOGFONT), &lf) ;
DeleteObject (hFont) ;
SetBkMode (hdc, TRANSPARENT) ;
SetTextAlign (hdc, TA_BASELINE) ;
SetViewportOrgEx (hdc, cxArea / 2, cyArea / 2, NULL) ;
SetTextColor(hdc, BLACK_COLOR);
for (i = 0 ; i < 12 ; i++)
{
lf.lfEscapement = lf.lfOrientation = i * 300 + iAnimateOrientation;
SelectObject (hdc, CreateFontIndirect (&lf)) ;
TextOut (hdc, 0, 0, szString, lstrlen (szString)) ;
DeleteObject (SelectObject (hdc, GetStockObject (SYSTEM_FONT))) ;
}
}
注意几个改动的地方,其实这个版本应该是最先的思路。。。。。。及利用Timer及Windows消息机制来完成动画绘制,这样可以利用背景擦除消息来擦除背景,不需要重新自己用白色文字覆盖上一帧的文字,也不会有拖尾现象,但是,因为总是重复擦除然后重绘,所以会有闪烁。
另外,从理论上来说,直接将绘制放在擦除背景消息中,如下:
case WM_PAINT:
hdc = BeginPaint (hwnd, &ps) ;
EndPaint (hwnd, &ps) ;
return 0 ;
case WM_ERASEBKGND:
hdc = GetDC(hwnd);
Rectangle(hdc, 0, 0, WND_WIDTH, WND_HEIGHT);
PaintRoutine(hwnd, hdc, WND_WIDTH, WND_HEIGHT, iAnimateOrientation);
ReleaseDC(hwnd, hdc);
return 0;
闪烁会小一点,因为擦除背景到重新绘制的间隔更短了(放在WM_PAINT中还有个重新分配消息的过程),但是事实上看不怎么出来。
随机文字的那个例子比较简单,这里不再实现了。
五、 参考:
1. 《Windows 图形编程》第14,15章(原版名《Windows Graphics Programming Win32 GDI and DirectDraw》,Feng Yuan著,机械工业出版社
2.《Programming Windows》 Fifth Edition,Chapter4,17 Charles Petzold著,Microsoft Press
插图1:
插图3:
write by 九天雁翎(JTianLing) -- www.jtianling.com
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